Survivors who rely on honeycomb holes in collapsed buildings may survive more than 2 to 3 weeks.To achieve the highest efficiency, search and rescue applications are done by an independent team.
When using a search method (search for dogs, acoustic instruments) that can not directly confirm the existence of a survivor (such as visual, dialogue), the search area must be strictly inscribed by two independent searches and may remain quiet The use a fixed, eye-catching symbols on the search area has been identified to save valuable time and manpower. In the search for human resources, resources, time is limited, you must search the location of the priority to choose. Each rescue site must be designated one person responsible for coordination, unified command, full staff scheduling.
search and rescue dog search search and rescue dogs unit is usually by the two search and rescue dogs and their dog trainer and a captain. Task to carry out the initial general deployment of two search and rescue dogs to participate in search and rescue units. Rescue dog unit captain of the search area of the terrain, structural characteristics of the analysis, marking all the key information, and the results submitted to the headquarters. A search and rescue unit found the survivor of the suspicious area, the captain should be the team removed from the area. While sending a unit to search the area again. If the second search and rescue unit confirms that the region has survivors, mark the area. The captain then reports the results to the search and rescue operations headquarters for follow-up rescue operations.
Technology search mainly uses sound waves, vibration monitoring equipment to search. If necessary, you can also use optical fiber equipment, infrared thermal imaging (if conditions permit) and other equipment. Should use high-power speakers or other equipment, to the survivors of the ruins propaganda. Survivors should send a duplicate signal (such as a continuous knock on the wall), the search area should be kept quiet.
Subsequently, an instrumental searcher should be sent to confirm the suspicious area, and the results will be submitted to the search and rescue operations as soon as possible. Light-guided imaging equipment can accurately locate the survivors of the ruins of holes, with the use of concrete hammer or drill is particularly effective. The search and rescue personnel can drill holes on the surface of the collapsed building and detect with the light guide imaging device. The device can clearly see the survivors, usually without the need for a second confirmation. Operators should analyze the terrain and structural characteristics of the area and indicate the available information for subsequent follow-up operations.
Manual search In the affected area to deploy manual search, directly to the holes and narrow areas to search, looking for survivors. The search staff can also be queued to listen to the sound of the survivors. Use high-power speakers or other propaganda equipment to the trapped survivors and give instructions, the search staff carefully list and mark the sound of the area.
The search strategy is used to determine the priority of large-scale searches. The following two strategies can be used to determine how to arrange the search resources reasonably.
The area to be searched is partitioned. Depending on the size of the disaster area and the amount of disposable resources, the search area may be divided by city block or other distinguishing criteria. Resources are allocated to each area to be searched by area. This approach is more applicable to smaller areas of the search area, but for larger areas (such as a city or part of the city), because of limited resources, not practical.
For different types of affected areas set search priority. Areas where survivors are most likely to be determined (depending on the type of building) and the largest number of potential survivors (based on the use of the affected building) should be given priority. Such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, high-rise buildings, composite residential areas and office buildings, should give priority to search and rescue operations.
Earthquake search operations are usually configured two search units, each can be used as a starting team or follow-up team, which continue to alternate tasks.
Staffing
A search unit should include: captain, search and rescue dog experts and technical search staff. Captain: The leader of the unit, summarize the situation and record information, communicate with the headquarters, describe the details and make recommendations. Search and rescue dog expert: the implementation of search and rescue dogs search and found the survivors to further confirm. Technical search personnel: Perform electronic equipment search. Medical First Aid: Provide medical first aid for survivors and involved in search and rescue personnel. Structural experts: assess building stability and suggest reinforcement recommendations. Toxic substances handling experts: monitor the search area and the surrounding air condition, assess, identify and mark the threat of poison. Rescue experts: assist in search units, including drilling for electronic surveillance equipment (cameras, cameras) and setting up monitoring measures.
Implementation of the operation
Assessment of structures in the affected area, including building structures, estimates and system reports; identification of survivors; identification of hazards and identification of potential hazards such as suspended structures, structural instability or potential Collapse area, harmful substances, gas, water and electricity. Hazardous areas should be marked and regulated with warning lines; basic air conditions within and around the affected area should be assessed. Summarize information on search areas and list all issues requiring attention, report search findings to search and rescue operations headquarters and make recommendations on search and rescue priorities. 3. necessary equipment hammer drill, rock drill; electronic monitoring equipment (cameras, cameras); monitoring equipment; air monitoring equipment; marking materials (such as chalk);
Unified command of each rescue site must specify a person responsible for coordination, unified command. The person in charge of the scene has the right to mobilize the whole person, can be deployed across the deployment of rescue personnel. Large search and rescue operations sometimes require two or more rescue teams to cooperate. The search and rescue operations headquarters should appoint a team leader to be the full responsibility (personnel appointments must be communicated to each search and rescue personnel) and equipped with a safety officer. It is necessary to get help from someone other than a rescue team or organization. These help can come from military personnel, utility contractors, heavy equipment operators and so on. The search and rescue operations headquarters should coordinate their access to these external resources in a timely manner. In order to be safe and improve search and rescue efficiency, it is necessary to develop and comply with the requirements of personnel access to rescue sites. At the same time, rescue experts should strictly manage the entire affected areas, including the closure of all water, electricity, gas and other basic facilities, identify and mark high-risk areas, identify the rescue area, remove unrelated personnel, arrange the venue for equipment and so on.
The scene of the search and rescue operations can be divided into five stages:
First stage
Assessment of collapsed areas: possible survivors in the search area (on the ground or buried); assessing structural stability; assessing water and electricity facilities and closing facilities to ensure safety.
Second stage
Quickly and safely transfer ground survivors.
Third stage
Search and detect all voids and holes in the collapsed building to discover possible survivors. This stage can use the propaganda equipment; only trained search and rescue dogs or search and rescue personnel can be holes or can enter the space for search and rescue.
Fourth stage
After identifying the survivor position, use special tools and techniques to selectively remove the building wreck.
Fifth stage
Large-scale clean-up. Usually in all known survivors are safe transfer before the implementation of large-scale clean-up.
In the rescue team should have building structural experts.
Hazardous Materials Specialists should assist the search and rescue team in the identification of dangerous goods, assessing the surroundings of the building and the internal air condition and subsequent reassessment.
Medical experts should provide medical assessment, the implementation of treatment of survivors. The search and rescue personnel should ensure that medical personnel are exposed to survivors as soon as possible, which may require temporary suspension of search and rescue work.
Heavy equipment specialists should advise on the use of cranes, heavy handling equipment and other equipment. In addition, they must act as liaison officers between search and rescue personnel and equipment operators to ensure effective communication between the two sides.
The technical information specialist records the progress of the rescue operation.
Search and rescue team leaders need to integrate other people, including utilities, law enforcement, military and volunteers.
Comment list ( 2 )
倒塌建築物搜救行動(REPEAT程序)
一、現場資料蒐集與調查(Reconnaissance and survey) （一）進行現場勘查，詢問關係人(目擊者、屋主/房客、受困者)。１、建築物用途、入住率、多少人。２、受困者的位置與狀況。３、倒塌原因、潛在風險資訊。４、確認建築物構造類型空間大小、內部格局。（二）觀察建築物的類型和大小、倒塌的模式，評估受困者可能的風險和位置。
二、公共危害管線遮斷/風險評估控制(Elimination of utilities/Risk Assessment and Controls) （一）進行風險評估，採取危害風險控制措施。（二）劃設警戒區、關閉電力、水、瓦斯、油、氣體管線輸送。
三、初期災害現場表淺區域搜救(Primary surface search and rescue) （一）有系統的搜索淺層區域的輕傷患者。（二）發現潛在空隙空間或受困者，進行標記位置和回報，以利後續救援作業。
四、對疑似空隙空間進行搜索(Exploration of voids and spaces) （一）針對已標定位置和所有受困者死亡的位置附近進行搜索。（二）使用技術搜索裝備和搜救犬進行確認受困者的位置。
五、移除瓦礫建立進入搶救的通道(Access by selected debris removal) （一）透過移除、破壞、切割、支撐等作業，建立進入搶救通道以利接近受困者。（二）救援過程中，為患者適時提供醫療照護，以利維持患者生命徵象狀況。
六、移除所有瓦礫確認所有受困者位置(Terminate by general debris removal) （一）利用重機械進行作業，並移除所有瓦礫。（二）找出建築物內所有的受困者。
美國聯邦緊急事務管理署 (FEMA) 在其國家城市搜索與救援 (US&R) 應變系統中，針對建築物倒塌事故制定了標準的「搜救五階段」 (Five Phases of US&R Operations)。
第一階段(Phase 1)災區評估(Assessment of the collapse area) 1. 勘查現場規模、建築結構與潛在倒塌風險。2. 評估並切斷瓦斯、電力與水源以確保安全，確保其公共管線設施都已遮斷，避免發生危害]。3. 收集可能受困人數與位置的情報，並了解這個場所的使用的用途，考量發生的時間、地點、場所特性、居住狀況、使用狀況，判斷可能患者所在的區域。4.如有可能調閱附近的影像裝置CCTV，了解倒塌時的狀況，並調閱可能的平面圖空間，判斷相關格局。
第二階段(Phase 2) 表淺區域受困傷患協助脫困(Removal of surface victims) 1. 以最快、最安全的方式將暴露在廢墟表面或輕微受困的災民進行脫困。2. 將傷患送至檢傷分類（Triage）進行初步處置。3. 此階段嚴禁貿然深度受困區域進行搜救，避免陷困危險。
第三階段(Phase 3)搜索可及空間與空隙(Search & rescue of accessible voids) 1. 針對倒塌建築內可能存在生還者的空隙（Voids）進行深層搜索。2. 派出訓練有素的搜救犬或精密聲納探測器偵測生命跡象。3. 搜救人員穿過安全空隙空漸，進入可及空間進行搜救。
第四階段(Phase 4)針對性局部瓦礫清理移除(Selected debris removal) 1. 當定位有受困者時，使用特殊工具（如鑿岩機、切割機）進行局部破壞。2. 進行結構有限支撐與建立搶救通道，以利接近倖存者所在位置。3. 由結構土木技師專家與危害物質專家全程協助評估風險。4.若有救援到受困者時，需要請醫療專家協助評估患者狀況，及給予對應的醫療程序治療。
第五階段(Phase 5)全面瓦礫清理(General debris removal) 1. 通常在確認所有已知的倖存者皆已安全脫困後才實施。2. 派遣重型機具（如吊車、怪手）進行全面性的大規模殘骸清理。3. 將災區現場恢復至安全狀態，便於後續復原階段作業。
